Evaluation of the Impact of Oral Health on the Daily Activities of Users of the National Health System.

BACKGROUND: the integration of dentistry services in the Unified Health System in Brazil (SUS) is essential in primary care assistance. OBJECTIVE: we aimed to develop a tool for improving demand flowby evaluating the impact of oral health on the daily activities of users of the Family Health Unitusing the Oral Impacts of Daily Performance (OIDP)tool. METHODS: In Barretos, Brazil, a cross-sectional study was conducted at a Family Health Unit (FHU)including patients over 12 years old. Oral health impact was assessed using the Oral Impacts of Daily Performance (OIDP) tool, and family risk was measured with the Coelho-Savassi scale. RESULTS: 430 participants, including 411 adults and 19 young people, were recruited. Of the adults, 31% had an average OIDP score of 16.61. For young people, 53% reported an impact (average OIDP score: 28.61). Family risk (R1) was prevalent in 57.9% of young people and 53.3% of adults. Among adults, different activities were affected by risk: smiling without embarrassment (risk level 2), enjoying contact with people (risk level 3), and performing one's job or social role (risk level 1). Emotional state (R3) had the lowest OIDP score (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: implementation of the OIDP scale in clinical practice enhances healthcare planning and ensures better-quality and equitable services, thus emphasizing comprehensive oral healthcare within the SUS.

The Usefulness of an Online Simplified Screening Questionnaire (SSQ) in Identifying Work-Related Cancers.

To obtain a history of occupational exposure in the workplace, the questionnaire is one of the main sources of information. The aim of this study was to develop an online questionnaire using the REDCap data management platform based on the Work-Related Cancer Surveillance Guidelines, reported by the Brazilian National Cancer Institute. Several issues were taken into consideration for its routine application. It should be simple, easy, capable of being applied in a short time and used in the clinical setting of collecting information on the occupational history of the cancer patient. Consequently, this could enable the compulsory notification of work-related cancer. The questionnaire was developed based on questions about the use of and exposure to carcinogenic factors at work and due to smoking. An entirely electronic version of the cancer patient interview was performed using tablets. The online questionnaire was applied at the Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, to newly diagnosed patients from July 2016 to 2018. A total of 1063 patients were included, and 550 indicated positively when asked "Do you work, or have you worked with this substance and/or in this function?/job?" Of these potentially notified patients, 38 subsequently had compulsorily reported work-related cancer. Another important result of this study was the creation and development of a website. In conclusion, we developed an online tool that could facilitate hospital routines, contributing to generating data for the compulsory notification of work-related cancer and triggering investigations and surveillance actions in Brazil.

Implementation of an Integrated Lung Cancer Prevention and Screening Program Using a Mobile Computed Tomography (CT) Unit in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer worldwide and in Brazil. Despite strong evidence, lung cancer screening by low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in high-risk individuals is far from a reality in many countries, particularly in Brazil. Brazil has a universal public health system marked with important inequalities. One affordable strategy to increase the coverage of resources is to use mobile units. OBJECTIVES: To describe the implementation and results of an innovative lung cancer prevention program that integrates tobacco cessation and lung cancer screening using a mobile CT unit. METHODOLOGY: From May 2019 to Dec 2020, health professionals from 18 public primary health care units in Barretos, Brazil, were trained to offer smoking cessation counseling and treatment. Eligible high-risk participants of this program were also invited to perform lung cancer screening in a mobile LDCT unit that was specially conceived to be dispatched to the community. A detailed epidemiological questionnaire was administered to the LDCT participants. RESULTS: Among the 233 screened participants, the majority were women (54.9%), and the average age was 62 years old. A total of 52.8% of participants showed high or very high nicotine dependence. After 1 year, 27.8% of participants who were involved in smoking cessation groups had quit smoking. The first LDCT round revealed that the majority of participants (83.7%) exhibited lung-Rads 1 or 2; 7.3% exhibited lung-Rads 3; 7.7% exhibited lung-Rads 4a; and 3% exhibited lung-Rads 4b or 4x. The three participants with lung-Rads 4b were further confirmed, and their surgery led to the diagnosis of early-stage cancer (1 case of adenocarcinoma and two cases of squamous cell carcinoma), leading to a cancer diagnosis rate of 12.8/1000. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate promising outcomes for an onsite integrative program enrolling high-risk individuals in a middle-income country. Evidence barriers and challenges remain to be overcome.

Alteraciones electrolíticas y del metabolismo en pacientes con diabetes mellitus y enfermedad renal crónica. Parte 1 / Electrolyte and metabolism alterations in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Part 1

En el paciente con diabetes mellitus (DM) y enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), las alteraciones electrolíticas y metabólicas constituyen un verdadero desafío. En noviembre de 2021, el Comité de Nefropatía de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes realizó una jornada científica con el objetivo de actualizar las alteraciones hidroelectrolíticas y del metabolismo óseo mineral, y las consideraciones dietarias en ERC y DM.

In patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), electrolyte and metabolic alterations constitute a real challenge. In November 2021, the Nephropathy Committee of the Argentine Diabetes Society held a scientific conference with the aim of updating hydroelectrolytic and mineral bone metabolism disorders, and dietary considerations in CKD and DM.

Jornadas del Comité de Nefropatía de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes. Actualización de cirugía bariátrica en paciente con diabetes y enfermedad renal. Parte 1 / Conference of the Nephropathy Committee of the Argentine Society of Diabetes. Bariatric surgery update in a patient with diabetes and kidney disease. Part 1

La prevalencia de obesidad y diabetes mellitus se asocia al desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica y estadios terminales de la misma. En individuos con obesidad, se produce un mecanismo de hiperfiltración, probablemente compensatorio para satisfacer la alta demanda metabólica asociada al aumento del peso corporal, con la presencia de proteinuria, en individuos sin enfermedad renal. La histopatología muestra una glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria relacionada con la obesidad en un marco de glomerulomegalia. La cirugía metabólica es el medio más efectivo para obtener una pérdida de peso sustancial y persistente. Se ha demostrado la superioridad de la cirugía sobre el tratamiento médico no solo para lograr un mejor control glucémico, sino también para la reducción de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los mecanismos parecen extenderse más allá de la magnitud de la pérdida de peso e incluyen mejoras tanto en los perfiles de incretinas como en la secreción y la sensibilidad a la insulina. El Comité de Nefropatía de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes realizó esta revisión sobre los mecanismos involucrados en la obesidad como causa de enfermedad renal o empeoramiento de la misma por diabetes, y los mecanismos a través de los cuales la cirugía bariátrica beneficiaría a los pacientes con diabetes y enfermedad renal crónica en todos los estadios de la misma, así como los controles pre y posquirúrgicos en este tipo de cirugías.

The prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with the development of chronic kidney disease and its terminal stages. In individuals affected by obesity, a probably compensatory hyperfiltration mechanism occurs to satisfy the high metabolic demand associated with increased body weight; it is also associated with the presence and development of proteinuria in individuals without kidney disease. Histopathology shows obesity-related focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in a setting of glomerulomegaly. Metabolic surgery is the most effective means of obtaining substantial and lasting weight loss. The superiority of surgery over medical treatment has been demonstrated only to achieve better glycemic control, as well as a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms appear to extend beyond the magnitude of weight loss and include improvements in incretin profiles, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. The Nephropathy Committee of the Argentine Diabetes Society carried out this review on mechanisms involved in obesity as a cause of kidney disease or worsening of kidney disease due to diabetes, the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery would benefit patients with diabetes and kidney disease chronic and its terminal stages, the pre and post-surgical controls that should be performed by patients undergoing this type of surgery.

Determinants of adherence to dental treatment of socially vulnerable adolescents: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Different studies with adolescents address the difficulty they have to adhere to oral dental treatments. Therefore, better understanding the processes involved in adherence to treatment in this population is necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that influence adherence to dental treatment in socially underprivileged adolescents in primary care. RESULTS: Non-adherence to treatment showed high rate in the studied sample (49.5%). Family income (p = 0.039) and number of individuals in the family (p = 0.003) were associated with non-adherence to dental treatment. It is concluded that the adolescents' social vulnerability condition resulted in situations that are incompatible with adherence, which hinders dental treatment and health service planning.

Mesa 3: Efectos cardiovasculares de fármacos antidiabéticos / Table 3: Cardiovascular effects of anti-diabetic drugs

Los eventos cardiovasculares representan la mayor complicación de la diabetes. La evidencia sugiere que la metformina mejora los resultados cardiovasculares en pacientes con diabetes, especialmente en el United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) y otros estudios posteriores, por distintos mecanismos. Hay pocos estudios de seguridad cardiovascular para sulfonilureas aunque no tendrían un perfil seguro a este nivel. La gliclazida parece ser la de mejor performance de las drogas de este grupo. Algo similar ocurre con las meglitinidas, para las cuales los datos indican que no aumentarían el riesgo pero tampoco mejorarían la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares. Las tiazolidinedionas son las drogas más cuestionadas, aunque los estudios y metaanálisis son contradictorios no habría dudas que aumentan el riesgo de insuficiencia cardíaca. Los inhibidores de la DPPIV mostraron resultados neutros a excepción de saxagliptina que aumentaría el riesgo de internación por insuficiencia cardíaca. Existen datos convincentes que los inhibidores de los receptores SGLT-2 a nivel renal y los análogos del GLP-1 intestinal tienen efectos positivos a nivel cardiovascular, con algunas diferencias entre los integrantes de esta familia. En cuanto a las insulinas, los estudios sugieren que tanto los análogos lentos como rápidos tendrían un mejor perfil cardiovascular, ligado principalmente a la menor incidencia de hipoglucemias severas, que insulina NPH y regular respectivamente.

Cardiovascular events represent the greatest complication of diabetes. Evidence suggests that metformin improves CV outcomes in patients with diabetes, especially in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and other subsequent studies, by different mechanisms. There are few cardiovascular safety studies for sulfonylureas although they would not have a safe profile at this level. Gliclazide appears to be the best performing drug in this group. Something similar occurs with meglitinides for which the data indicates that they would not increase the risk but neither would they improve the incidence of cardiovascular events. Thiazolidinediones are the most questioned drugs, although the studies and meta-analyzes are contradictory, there would be no doubt that they increase the risk of heart failure. DPPIV inhibitors showed neutral results except for saxagliptin, which would increase the risk of hospitalization for heart failure. There is convincing data that SGLT-2 receptor inhibitors at the renal level and intestinal GLP-1 analogues have positive effects at the cardiovascular level with some differences between the members of these families. Regarding insulins, studies suggest that both slow and fast analogues would have a better cardiovascular profile, mainly linked to the lower incidence of severe hypoglycemia, than NPH and regular insulin, respectively

Mutational Profiling of Driver Tumor Suppressor and Oncogenic Genes in Brazilian Malignant Pleural Mesotheliomas.

BACKGROUND: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly lethal disease comprising a heterogeneous group of tumors with challenging to predict biological behavior. The diagnosis is complex, and the histologic classification includes 2 major subtypes of MPM: epithelioid (∼60% of cases) and sarcomatous (∼20%). Its identification depends upon pathological investigation supported by clinical and radiological evidence and more recently ancillary molecular testing. Treatment options are currently limited, with no known targeted therapies available. OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the mutation profile of driver tumor suppressor and oncogenic genes in a cohort of Brazilian patients. METHODS: We sequenced 16 driver genes in a series of 43 Brazilian malignant mesothelioma (MM) patients from 3 distinct Brazilian centers. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue blocks, and the TERT promoter region was amplified by PCR followed by direct capillary sequencing. The Illumina TruSight Tumor 15 was used to evaluate 250 amplicons from 15 genes associated with solid tumors (AKT1, GNA11, NRAS, BRAF, GNAQ, PDGFRA, EGFR, KIT, PIK3CA, ERBB2, KRAS, RET, FOXL2, MET,and TP53). Library preparation with the TruSight Tumor 15 was performed before sequencing at the MiSeq platform. Data analysis was performed using Sophia DDM software. RESULTS: Out of 43 MPM patients, 38 (88.4%) were epithelioid subtype and 5 (11.6%) were sarcomatoid histotype. Asbestos exposure was present in 15 (39.5%) patients with epithelioid MPM and 3 (60%) patients with sarcomatoid MPM. We found a TERT promoter mutation in 11.6% of MM, and the c.-146C>T mutation was the most common event. The next-generation sequencing was successful in 33 cases. A total of 18 samples showed at least 1 pathogenic, with a median of 1.8 variants, ranging from 1 to 6. The most mutated genes were TP53 and ERBB2 with 7 variants each, followed by NRAS BRAF, PI3KCA, EGFR and PDGFRA with 2 variants each. KIT, AKT1, and FOXL2 genes exhibited 1 variant each. Interestingly, 2 variants observed in the PDGFRA gene are classic imatinib-sensitive therapy. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that Brazilian MPM harbor mutation in classic tumor suppressor and oncogenic genes, which might help in the guidance of personalized treatment of MPM.

Detection of HPV E6 oncoprotein from urine via a novel immunochromatographic assay.

Cervical cancer is a significant public health problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where women have little access to cervical cancer screening; consequently 80% of cervical cancer related mortality occurs in these regions. The development of screening methods that need less infrastructure thus represents an urgent medical need. The study aims to compare the detection rates of high-risk human papillomavirus 16 and 18 E6 oncoprotein in urine, vaginal self-collected, and cervical scrapes of women using the OncoE6™ Cervical Test and compare the HPV16 and/or HPV18 E6 detection rates with the HPV DNA testing. Paired urine, vaginal self-collected and cervical specimens were collected from 124 women who participated in cervical cancer screening or treatment in this proof-of-concept study and underwent to HPV16/18-E6 testing and high-risk HPV DNA testing prior to treatment of cervical neoplasia or cancer. Concordance between urinary, vaginal and cervical HPV16/18-E6 and HPV-DNA testing was evaluated for patients classified as negative group (

Identification of human papillomavirus in oral rinse specimens from women with and without cervical intraepithelial lesions.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the oral cavity of women with and without abnormal cervical cytology and to determine whether there is an association of oral HPV infection with infection of the cervix or with cervical cancer precursor lesions. METHODS: The present study was conducted among 406 women, aged 18-82 years, who attended the Prevention Department of Barretos Cancer Hospital (HCB), Brazil due to a previous altered cervical cytology result. Oral rinse, cervical cytology and biopsy were collected at the same day. The participants also answered a questionnaire about socioeconomic characteristics and risk factors for cervical cancer. Molecular screening for HPV16, HPV18 and 12 other high-risk HPV types was performed on cervical and oral rinse specimens using Cobas 4800 (Roche Molecular Systems, USA). RESULTS: HPV was detected in the oral rinse of 3.9% of participants. Infection of the oral cavity with a non-HPV16 or 18 type was most frequent (81.2%), followed by HPV16 (18.7%). Infection with HPV in the cervix and oral cavity was present in 11 (2.7%) of participants. There were no differences observed in the smoking status (p value 0.62), mean age of first sexual intercourse (p value 0.25), mean age of the first oral sex (p value 0.90) or mean lifetime number of sexual partners (p value 0.08) between the participants with oral HPV infection or not. CONCLUSION: The presence of HPV infection in the oral cavity was low in the group of women with abnormal cervical cancer screening findings and a high rate of cervical HPV infection.

The Quality of Pap Smears from the Brazilian Cervical Cancer Screening Program According to the Human Development Index.

Brazil is a country with strong socioeconomic disparities, which may explain the different rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality and influence the quality of cervical cancer screening tests. The aim of this study was to perform a trend analysis of some quality indicators of Pap smears according to the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI). Information about cytopathological exams (approximately 65,000,000) performed from 2006 to 2014 in women ages 25 to 64 years was obtained from the Cervical Cancer Information System (SISCOLO). The average annual percentage change (AAPC) for each indicator was calculated using the Joinpoint Regression Program, according to MHDI levels. Very low frequencies of unsatisfactory cases (<5%) were observed at different MHDI levels. Although the positivity index in the low- and medium-MHDI groups has increased, the values remained below international recommendations (3%-10%). The HSIL (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) percentage remained stationary at all levels of the MHDI. In the low- and medium-MHDI groups, most quality indicators were below the recommendations by Brazilian National Cancer Institute INCA, with no improvement trend; in the high-MHDI group, the majority of the indicators also presented no improvement, although they show slightly better quality indicators. The MHDI should be considered in the definition of the policies of the screening program for cervical cancer in Brazil, and the current program may require adjustments to achieve improved efficiency.

Manejo de la Hiperuricemia en Pacientes en Argentina. Una Encuesta Mediante Cuestionario / Hyperuricemia Management in Patients from Argentina. A Questionnaire Survey

Resumen Introducción: Durante muchos años el ácido úrico se ha considerado como un producto metabólico inerte del metabolismo de las purinas, sin embargo, ha sido recientemente asociado a una serie de estados de enfermedad crónica. No hay hallazgos concluyentes disponibles en la actualidad para tomar una conducta activa clara respecto al tratamiento de ácido úrico sérico, y cuál sería su objetivo terapéutico. Material y métodos: Debido a esta controversia, se decidió llevar a cabo una encuesta para evaluar cuáles son las decisiones que se toman en este contexto, en el ámbito médico de la Argentina. Se consultó en qué pacientes se evaluaba en forma rutinaria el ácido úrico sérico, resultando en un 53.2% de todos los pacientes, sin diferenciar patologías, y un 11.5% refirió que no lo realiza rutinariamente. Con respecto al tratamiento sólo refirieron tratarlo con enfermedad renal un 62.5%; con diabetes 61.7%; con síndrome metabólico 60.4%; con enfermedad cardiovascular un 50.3%; con gota, cálculos renales o dolor articular, un 91.3%, 74% y 36.1% respectivamente. Resultados: Los datos de la encuesta confirman la falta de evidencia en el criterio para la selección de pacientes, a los fines de evaluar los niveles de ácido úrico sérico y su tratamiento. Conclusiones: De esta forma, se concluye que prima la necesidad de realizar estudios prospectivos y randomizados de las patologías con alta incidencia de uricemia elevada, para poder determinar normativas que orienten una conducta a los especialistas según los resultados obtenidos, y que dicha decisión no esté basada solo en la opinión de los expertos.

Abstract Introduction: For many years, uric acid was considered to be an inert product of purine metabolism; however, it has recently been associated with a number of chronic diseases. Nowadays, there are no conclusive findings available regarding a clear action plan to treat serum uric acid or which specific therapeutic goals it would have. Methods: Given this controversy, a survey was conducted in order to evaluate which decisions are taken regarding this situation within the Argentinian medical community. The question was in which cases serum uric acid was routinely assessed and the result was 53.2% no matter the pathology; 11,5% of physicians did not assess it routinely. Regarding its treatment, 62.5% of them reported to have treated it as part of kidney disease; 61.7 % as part of diabetes; 60.4% as part of metabolic syndrome; 50.3% as part of cardiovascular disease; 91.3 % as part of gout; 74% as part of renal stones, and 36.1% as part of joint pain. Results: The data collected by means of the survey show a lack of evidence for establishing the patient selection criteria when evaluating levels of serum uric acid and its treatment. Conclusions: Therefore, it is concluded that it is necessary to conduct prospective and randomized studies of conditions with a high incidence of elevated uricemia in order to develop guidelines for specialists according to results; this decision should not be based on experts' opinion alone.

Infecciones del tracto urinario en pacientes con diabetes. Parte 1 / Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes. Part 1

Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITUs) son frecuentes en la práctica médica diaria. Existen factores patogénicos que modulan el riesgo de su aparición que dependen del germen responsable y el huésped. La diabetes mellitus es un factor predisponente para la aparición de infecciones urinarias. Como factores de riesgo para estas infecciones se mencionan la mayor duración de la diabetes, la albuminuria y neuropatía con menor vaciamiento vesical, siendo controversial la presencia de glucosuria. Según su ubicación en el árbol urinario pueden ser bajas y altas, y de acuerdo a la severidad, complicadas o no. La bacteriuria asintomática, detectada por análisis rutinario, es más frecuente en mujeres con diabetes. La elección del esquema antibiótico en las infecciones urinarias se basa en la severidad de la infección, el antecedente de microorganismos resistentes y la sensibilidad en el antibiograma, recordando ajustar la dosis de acuerdo al grado de insuficiencia renal. En este trabajo nuestro objetivo es describir las características clínicas y el diagnóstico para un adecuado tratamiento antibiótico

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent in daily medical practice. There are pathogenic factors that modulate the risk of their onset depending on the responsible germ and host. Diabetes mellitus is a predisposing factor for developing urinary infections. The longest duration of diabetes, albuminuria and neuropathy with less bladder emptying are mentioned as risk factors for these infections, being controversial the presence of glycosuria. Depending on their location in the urinary tract, infections can be lower and upper tract infections, and according to severity, complicated or not. Asymptomatic bacteriuria, detected by routine urinalysis, is more frequent in women with diabetes. The choice of the antibiotic scheme in urinary tract infections is based on the severity of the infection, history of resistant microorganisms and sensitivity in the antibiogram, adjusting the dose according to the degree of renal insufficiency. The aim of our work is to describe the clinical characteristics and diagnosis for an adequate antibiotic treatment

Infecciones urinarias asociadas al uso de ISGLT-2 / Urinary infections associated with the use of ISGLT-2

La reacción adversa más frecuentemente asociada al tratamiento con inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa es la infección micótica genital y en menor proporción la infección urinaria, esto no es dosis dependiente. Es más común en mujeres y en hombres antes de los 50 años de edad. Es infrecuente la necesidad de suspender el tratamiento por estas infecciones. Se recomienda evitar el uso en pacientes con historia de infecciones urinarias recurrentes o con episodio reciente de infección urinaria alta y especial cuidado al indicarla en aquellos con historia de hipertrofia prostática porque se han descripto casos de pielonefritis

The most frequent adverse reaction associated with sodiumglucose cotransporter inhibitors therapy is genital mycotic infection, and to a lesser extent urinary infection, this is not dose-dependent. It is more common in women and men before turning 50 years old. The need to interrupt treatment for these infections is rare. It is recommended to avoid the use in patients with a history of recurrent urinary infections or with a recent episode of upper urinary tract infection and special care when indicating it to patients with a history of prostatic hypertrophy since pyelonephritis cases have been described

Trend analysis of the quality indicators for the Brazilian cervical cancer screening programme by region and state from 2006 to 2013.

BACKGROUND: Quality indicators for the Brazilian cervical cancer screening programme can provide a perspective on its effectiveness in Brazilian macro-regions and states. The aim of this study was to perform a trend analysis of the cervical cancer screening program's quality indicators, according to Brazilian regions and states, from 2006 to 2013. METHODS: Using information from approximately 62,000,000 exams obtained from the Information System of Cervical Cancer Screening (SISCOLO), joinpoint analysis was used to calculate the Annual Percentage Change (APC). RESULTS: The estimated number of women in the target age group (25-64 years) who underwent Pap testing over a three-year interval was lower than that recommended by international guidelines in the North, Northeast and Midwest regions, and the trends for this indicator remained stationary over the years in all regions of Brazil. Overall, the index of positivity in Brazilian regions and states is below that preconized by the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA). Additionally, the frequencies of unsatisfactory cases are in line with international guidelines but above those preconized by INCA guidelines. All positive cytological diagnoses were lower than those preconized by INCA. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the cervical cancer screening programme is still far from efficient because most of the quality indicators in Brazilian regions and states are outside of the parameters preconized by national and international organizations.

Organized Cervical Cancer Screening Program in Barretos, Brazil: Experience in 18 Municipalities of São Paulo State.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this report is to demonstrate the Barretos Cancer Hospital initiative of organizational, laboratorial, and human resources training in the implementation of an organized cervical screening program in low-resource settings. METHODS: We developed a computational program to report all epidemiological, clinical, and laboratorial findings, and to trace all necessary information to recruit women for regular screening or for referral for complementary exams after liquid-based Pap test analyses. RESULTS: All Pap tests were collected in liquid medium and in 2014 more than 160,000 tests were analyzed and 2,900 colposcopy examinations were performed. From 2012 to 2015, the percentage of exams collected increased from 54.6% in 2012 to 62.4% in 2013, 68.4% in 2014, and 71% in 2015. Per 1,000 Pap tests, 0.4 cases of invasive cancer were diagnosed; for in situ carcinoma, 1.9 cases were identified. More importantly, between 2011 and 2015, 89.4% of all carcinomas were detected at clinical stage 0 or I (in situ carcinoma), and only 5% at stages III and IV. CONCLUSIONS: Since the organized system was implemented, 98% of women have attended their recall for colposcopy. So far, we have not reached the target of 70% of women for this proposal, as recommended by the international standards.

Identification of hereditary cancer in the general population: development and validation of a screening questionnaire for obtaining the family history of cancer.

One of the challenges for Latin American countries is to include in their healthcare systems technologies that can be applied to hereditary cancer detection and management. The aim of the study is to create and validate a questionnaire to identify individuals with possible risk for hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes (HCPS), using different strategies in a Cancer Prevention Service in Brazil. The primary screening questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to identify families at-risk for HCPS. The PSQ was validated using discrimination measures, and the reproducibility was estimated through kappa coefficient. Patients with at least one affirmative answer had the pedigree drawn using three alternative interview approaches: in-person, by telephone, or letter. Validation of these approaches was done. Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to analyze data's reproducibility considering the presence of clinical criteria for HCPS. The PSQ was applied to a convenience sample of 20,000 women of which 3121 (15.6%) answered at least one affirmative question and 1938 had their pedigrees drawn. The PSQ showed sensitivity and specificity scores of 94.4% and 75%, respectively, and a kappa of 0.64. The strategies for pedigree drawing had reproducibility coefficients of 0.976 and 0.850 for the telephone and letter approaches, respectively. Pedigree analysis allowed us to identify 465 individuals (24.0%) fulfilling at least one clinical criterion for HCPS. The PSQ fulfills its function, allowing the identification of HCPS at-risk families. The use of alternative screening methods may reduce the number of excluded at-risk individuals/families who live in locations where oncogenetic services are not established.

Mobile Screening Units for the Early Detection of Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Mobile screening units (MSUs) provide cancer screening services outside of fixed clinical sites, thereby increasing access to early detection services. We conducted a systematic review of the performance of MSUs for the early detection of cancer. Databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, WHO Global Health Library, Web of Science, PsycINFO) were searched up to July 2015. Studies describing screening for breast, cervical, and colon cancer using MSUs were included. Data were collected for operational aspects including the performance of exams, screening tests used, and outcomes of case detection. Of 268 identified studies, 78 were included. Studies investigated screening for cancers including breast (n = 55), cervical (n = 12), colon (n = 1), and multiphasic screening for multiple cancers (n = 10). The median number of screening exams performed per intervention was 1,767 (interquartile range 5,656-38,233). Programs operated in 20 countries, mostly in North America (36%) and Europe (36%); 52% served mixed rural/urban regions, while 35% and 13% served rural or urban regions, respectfully. We conclude that MSUs have served to expand access to screening in diverse contexts. However, further research on the implementation of MSUs in low-resource settings and health economic research on cost-effectiveness of MSUs compared with fixed clinics to inform policymakers is needed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(12); 1679-94. ©2017 AACR.

Fisiopatología de la enfermedad renal diabética / Physiopathology of diabetic kidney disease

La enfermedad renal por diabetes es una complicación microvascular en la cual se producen, a nivel renal, cambios hemodinámicos, metabólicos, estrés oxidativo y aumento de la inflamación. Esto determina un aumento de la matriz extracelular mesangial, engrosamiento de la membrana basal, pérdida de pies podocitarios y disrupción de células tubulares con fibrosis y proteinuria. El aumento de la expresión de los receptores SGLT-1 y SGLT-2, con la consecuente y marcada reducción de la oferta de Na+ a la mácula densa, se interpreta erróneamente como una reducción del volumen plasmático por el aparato yuxtaglomerular a través del "feedback túbulo-glomerular", lo que genera vasodilatación de la arteriola aferente y consecuente aumento de la presión intraglomerular. Esto modifica el concepto clásico glomerular y se interpreta que podría haber una lesión inicial a nivel tubular